Rain Use Efficiency,Primary Production and Rainfall Relationships in Desert Rangelands of Tunisia

Desert rangelands are characterised by low and highly variable rainfall regime, low forage production and high heterogeneity in the distribution of natural resources. This study was carried out in the desert rangelands of Tunisia to evaluate the response of different rangelands to annual rainfall in terms of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and rain use efficiency over a 10‐year period (2003–2012). In general, ANPP values were relatively low (123 kg DM ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) but would tend to increase with increasing annual rainfall for all rangeland types. The highest value of ANPP was observed from Stipagrostis pungens and Hammada shmittiana communities (sandy‐soil) during the wet year 2011. In contrast, rain use efficiency tends to decline with the highest annual rainfall and varies among rangeland types and with an average of 1·9 kg DM ha⁻¹ mm⁻¹ y⁻¹. Rain use efficiency tended to be higher during dry years and lower during wet years and tended to be higher on S. pungens and H. shmittiana (sandy‐soils) and lower on Helianthemum kahiricum (loamy soils). Therefore, understanding how rainfall affects productivity in rangelands is critical for predicting the impact of land degradation on the functioning of these ecosystems. It can be used to explain production decline associated with desertification as well as to assess rangeland conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

民勤荒漠草地退化原因及治理对策

介绍了民勤荒漠草地资源和草地退化现状,分析了导致荒漠草地植物组成变劣,草地生产力下降,草地生境日趋荒漠化等退化原因是由自然因素和人为因素综合引起的,有针对性地提出了民勤荒漠草地应采取加强行政措施和强化技术措施相结合的治理对策.     

冀北沙荒地退化程度诊断及其短期封育效果评价

以冀北退化沙荒地为研究对象,以恢复生态学为研究理论基础,对冀北沙荒地各项指标进行权重赋值,诊断沙荒地的退化程度,并通过分析封育区、未封育区及其地带植被演替顶级群落的土壤理化性质和植被数量特征,评价5年封育效果。结果表明,沙荒地封育区及未封育区均属中度退化程度,沙荒地土壤状况尚未因为5年的封育得到明显改善;植被状况虽有明显改善,但还处在演替初期的草本植被阶段,与地带植被演替顶级群落仍存在很大差距,封育措施需要持续下去。     

碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的影响

研究了木质纤维原料预处理产生的主要碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母乙醇发酵的影响,以及酿酒酵母对玉米秸秆酶水解液的乙醇发酵.碳水化合物降解产物对酿酒酵母NLH13乙醇发酵毒性依次为:甲酸>乙酸>糠醛>羟甲基糠醛,酿酒酵母NLH13乙醇发酵可耐受的甲酸和乙酸质量浓度分别为1和4 g/L,酿酒酵母NLHl3在2～10 g/L范...     

连栽马尾松人工林土壤肥力比较研究

采用配对样地法,以不同栽植代数(1、2 代)、不同发育阶段(8、15、18、20 a)的马尾松人工林为对象,研究了连栽幼龄林、中龄林土壤肥力的变化情况。结果表明:连栽后,无论是幼龄林还是中龄林,林地土壤密度趋于下降,土壤总孔隙度和含水率则呈上升趋势,林地土壤物理性质得到改善,且中龄林20~40 cm层土壤密度和总孔隙度在1、2代间的差异达显著水平;连栽后,林地土壤全K、全Mg及pH值趋于下降,而有机质、全N、全P、全Ca及速效N、P、K养分均呈上升趋势,且幼龄林0~20 cm层土壤有效P含量以及土壤pH值、中龄林0~20 cm层土壤水解N含量以及土壤全N、有效P、速效K、全K含量在1、2代间的差异达显著或极显著水平。连栽后,幼龄林和中龄林土壤全Fe、Al、Cu、Zn、Mn含量均呈下降趋势,且Mn含量在1、2代幼龄林和中龄林间的差异达显著水平。     

Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆叶绿素合成与降解影响的机理

采用水培实验方法研究了稀土元素La(Ⅲ)对紫外辐射(UV-B:0.15Wm-2,0.45Wm-2)胁迫下大豆(Glycine max)幼苗的δ-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)、胆色素原(PBG)、原叶绿素(酸)(Pchl)、原卟啉IX(Proto-IX)、镁原卟啉(Mg-Proto)等5种叶绿素(Chl)合成中间产物含量及Chl降解关键酶-叶绿素酶(Chlase)活性的影响,从叶绿素的生物合成及降解角度诠释La(Ⅲ)对UV-B辐射胁迫下大豆幼苗叶绿素含量影响的机理。实验结果表明:La(Ⅲ)具有提高叶绿素生物合成中间产物——ALA(δ-氨基乙酰丙酸)、PBG(胆色素原)、Proto-IX(原卟啉IX)、Mg-Proto(镁原卟啉)含量的作用,促进Pchl(原叶绿素)转化为叶绿素,进而缓解UV-B辐射胁迫下中间产物PBG、Proto-IX和Mg-Proto的形成,使叶绿素的生物合成受阻,受阻位点为ALA→PBG。     

Contamination of Forest Soils in the Vicinity of the Sedimentation Pond after Zinc and Lead Ore Flotation (in the Region of Olkusz,Southern Poland)

In the technological processes of ore flotation in the non-ferrous metal industry flotation, tailings constitute up to 98% of the total of the processed material. They are stored in sedimentation ponds as fine-grained drift containing an excess of heavy metals, mainly zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. After the dehydration and drying up of the surface of sedimentation ponds, these metals are carried with dust by the wind and they are accumulated in the vicinity of the ponds in humus horizons of soils causing considerable degradation and even devastation. In this publication, we have presented the results of research on the negative influence of such a structure on the soils of an adjacent fragment of forest and its dependence on the distance from the sedimentation pond. The level of degradation of the soils under research has been assessed on the basis of changes and transformations of the morphological soil profiles, the level of alkalization and accumulation of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd) in the topsoil layers and their translocation in the soil horizons. The following soils have been distinguished in the investigated area: Haplic Podzols distorted and degraded as well as Urbic Anthrosols. The acquired results have served to depict the spatial accumulation of these heavy metals in the topsoil layers. The highest accumulation of heavy metals and the degradation of the forest sites connected with it has occurred in the vicinity of a sedimentation pond drain channel. Soil remediation has been recommended in this area.     

Constraints on development of fungal biomass and decomposition processes during restoration of arable sandy soils

In an earlier study we reported the apparent stabilization of a low fungal biomass in ex-arable lands during the first decades after abandonment. It was hypothesized that the lack of increase in fungal biomass was due to constraints on development of fungi with persistent hyphae such as lignocellulolytic basidiomycetes and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi. With respect to the former group, the slow increase of the pool of lignocellulose-rich organic matter was expected to be the major constraint for their development. To study this, we enriched soil samples of one arable land, of two recently abandoned arable lands, of one older abandoned arable land and of heathland with carbon substrates that differed in composition (glucose, cellulose and sawdust). In addition, we combined the effect of carbon addition on fungal biomass development in arable and recently abandoned lands with inoculation of 1% of soil from the older abandoned site and the heathland. All treatments induced a fast increase and a subsequent rapid decline in fungal biomass in the arable and ex-arable fields. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) band patterns and enzyme activities did show differences between the carbon treatments but not between the recent and older abandoned field sites, indicating a similarly responding fungal community even after three decades of land abandonment and irrespective of soil inoculation. Identification of fungi by sequencing and culturing confirmed that decomposition processes were mostly dominated by opportunistic fungi in arable and ex-arable fields. In the heathland, only a very slow increase of microbial activity was observed after addition of carbon and sequencing of DGGE bands showed that ericoid mycorrhiza (ERM) fungi were responsible for carbon decomposition. We conclude that an increase of enduringly present fungal hyphae in ex-arable land may only be possible when a separate litter layer develops and/or when suitable host plants for ERM fungi become established.     

微生物降解1,2,4-三氯苯研究进展

1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)的微生物降解机制包括好氧降解、还原脱氯和共代谢。本文简要综述了国内外对1,2,4-TCB微生物降解方面的研究进展,分析了其微生物降解的可行性,讨论了其好氧降解的微生物种类以及降解途径,阐述了厌氧条件下,混合菌群以及纯菌株对1,2,4-TCB还原脱氯的过程,目的是为1,2,4-TCB污染土壤的微生物修复提供依据。